Abstract:China ranks first in mountainous areas in the world, with an area of mountainous regions occupying about 70% of the area of its land. The sharp conflict between the fast increase of population and economy highlighting the day-by-day increase of development intensity in land resources utilization, mineral resources and forest resources and vulnerable ecological environment difficult to bear it, will badly affect the foundation of the country in the future economy development and the security of the ecological environment. Mountain science should be stressed urgently. Meanwhile, the study on mountainous areas has become a hot research and scientific frontier in the world. For instance, the overseas major research programs IGBP, IHDP and GTOS pay much attention to the exploring of major science problems of the mountainous areas. Therefore, it is of great importance to energetically develop scientific system of mountainous areas, to supply strong scientific and technological support for the construction of new mountainous areas,to guarantee a better and more rapid development of mountainous areas and to improve China’s leading action and influence in the field of Earth system science in the world.