Abstract:The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s Central Committee and the State Council convened the National Science andTechnology Innovation Conference on July 6, and issued a document, namely, Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the S&TSystem and Accelerating the Development of a National Innovation System. The document has defined the objectives, prioritiesand tasks of the S&T system reform, and proposed the implementation of a pilot project for major R&D outcome-oriented S&Tevaluation. In order to fulfill the strategic goals and tasks of Innovation 2020, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has pro-posed a reform of its S&T evaluation to develop a major R&D outcome -oriented evaluation system. This article elaborates theimportance of reforming the S&T evaluation toward a Major R&D Outcome-oriented system and the profound implications ofMajor R&D Outcome, and introduces the CAS institute-based Major R&D Outcome-oriented evaluation system. This proactiveeffort of CAS in reforming its S&T system has demonstrated its leading role as the National Team in S&T Development.