Abstract:While the performance of China’s agriculture has been impressive, it is also facing increasing challenges. This paper explores the opportunities, challenges, and strategies of China’s agricultural development in the new era. Nation’s policies supporting agriculture, rising agricultural price and its comparative advantage, agricultural structural change, and potential technology innovation are going to be the major opportunities of agricultural development. However, China’s agriculture will also face great challenges in terms of meeting the nation’s increasing demand for agricultural commodities, increasing constraints of land and water resources, slowing down of productivity growth, small farming, rising labor cost, climate change, and price volatility. We project that the deficit of food supply and demand will be gradually enlarged in the coming decades. The paper concludes that, to improve China’s food security, the national policy should primarily focus on agricultural productivity enhanced investment, and meantime adjust its agricultural development strategies in the new era.