Abstract:Ecosystems and ecosystem services are essential for human survival and sustainable development. Ecosystem assessment is the bridge to link the findings of ecology and natural sciences with economy and political decision-making. Since 2000, China has been experiencing a rapidly economic growth, accelerating urbanization process, and increasing intension of resource exploitation, which resulted in great impacts on ecosystems and environment of China. Meanwhile, China has made great progress in ecosystem conservation and restoration in decade. For the purposes of discovering the ecosystem status and ecological problems and their change trends in China, approved by State Council of China, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly launched the project“National Ecosystem Survey and Assessment of China (2000-2010)”in 2011. The project has been made notable progress. It has been clearly described the ecosystem patterns, ecosystem quality, ecosystem services and main ecological problems, and their change trends of China, which can be the fundamental basis for conservation policy innovation and ecosystem management.