Abstract:The Third Pole Region mainly includes the Tibetan Plateau and the arid central Asia, spanning from the Caucasus mountains to the Loess plateau. Located in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent, different ethnic groups and cultures in this area experienced complex and long-term contact, communication, fusion, and sedimentary accretion, opening up a convenient channel for exchanges between Eastern and Western civilizations, profoundly influencing the development process of human civilization. Study on the human activities, change of environment and their relationship between the rise and fall of the Silk Road, and analysis of social environment development of this key area, will benefit the countries along the Silk Road to built mutual trust and cultural identity. Such study has very important theoretical and practical significance, providing the historical reference for the construction of green Silk Road.