Abstract:Core and key technologies are of great strategic importance to China's economic and social development and the national security. Breaking through and mastering those technologies which are in the "cut-throat competition" position is of symbolic significance for achieving the goal of becoming a global scientific and technological power. It entails a holistic framework of the frontier layout with strategic plans according to the national strategic demands. According to identified characteristics of core and key technologies, this study systematically reflects on the challenges and bottlenecks faced by the core and key technological breakthroughs. This study also considers how to build innovation system with dynamic and effective mechanisms and paths based on perspectives of organizational models, personnel training mechanism, new evaluation, and incentive mechanism.