Abstract:Science and technology are fundamental elements of a nation's power, while basic science is the fundamental base of science and technology development. Only by emphasizing on basic science research could China always improve the capacity of independent innovation. Basic science research, as the original source of knowledge and technology, promotes social and economic development and meanwhile extends the human knowledge frontier. Today, many countries' policies focus on the substantial promoting effects of basic science research on social and economic development. Basic science research should not only explore the new frontier but also meet the needs of social development. This paper focuses on social needs and elaborates basic science research development in life and health, social development, Earth environment improvement, and transformative technology.