Abstract:CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to the reform of science and technology management system (RSTMS). Main tasks of RSTMS that assigned during the “13th Five-Year Plan” (2016—2020) period have been basically completed. The main frame of the science and technology (S&T) management system has been established, and breakthroughs in key fields and points have been achieved. Entering a new stage of development, higher requirements for reform and development in the field of S&T are proposed as the economy and society are developing rapidly, and livelihood is improving with great speed. However, the implementation of RSTMS initiatives is not balanced and adequate, some of which are not realized comprehensively. According to investigations and researches, among main issues of RSTMS, some are systematic and mechanistic problems which are emerged in the new era, some are long-term problems which have not been overcome, and others are problems caused by inadequate implementation of reform measures. In order to deal with these issues, it is necessary to follow the method of problem orientation and setting limited objectives. This study puts forward suggestions from six aspects to make breakthroughs, which respectively are strengthening organization power in the S&T field and collaboration between ministries, improving the allocation method of scientific and technological resources, promoting the reform of S&T evaluation, enhancing the main position of enterprise innovation, deepening the reform of scientific research institutes, and establishing mechanism of fault tolerance and positive incentive.