Abstract:Through an analysis of the scientific research institution and R&D system of three typical models in the United States, Germany, and Japan, this study summarizes six common characteristics of the scientific research institution and R&D system. Based on this, it analyzes the current status and issues of China’s scientific research institution and R&D system. Finally, this study proposes the establishment of a dual-track scientific research institution and R&D system. On the one hand, it suggests creating a new track of R&D policies aimed at the private sector to address questions like why innovate, where to innovate, and how to innovate for private enterprises. On the other hand, it recommends gradually reforming the old track of policies for scientific research aimed at universities and research institutions, promoting the development of off-system universities and research institutions, research funding sponsors, as well as publishers and academic journals, to drive institutional reform within the on-system relevant institutions.