Abstract:Technology innovation is the fundamental solution to build a modern agricultural system, and it is also an important support for building the large base, large enterprise, and large industry of modern agriculture and achieving the modernization of material equipment, technology, management, agricultural informatization, and sustainable resource utilization of agriculture. This paper explains the scientific concepts and logical relationships of the agricultural production system, industrial system and management system, which are the main components of a modern agricultural system. It emphasizes that ensuring food security, promoting industrial integration and upgrading, and cultivating leading enterprises are current key tasks. Nevertheless, from the perspective of scientific and technological innovation, China still faces challenges in the construction of a modern agricultural system, such as weak scientific and technological support capabilities in the production system, low advanced scientific and technological content in the industrial system, and insufficient application of technology in the management system. These challenges severely impact the core driving role of technological innovation in building a modern agricultural system. Some policy suggestions are given to the construction of modern agricultural system by technology innovation.