Abstract:The Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station (hereinafter referred to as Changshu Station) was officially established in 1987. Changshu Station is the only multidisciplinary comprehensive observation, research, and demonstration station within Chinese Academy of Sciences in the Yangtze River Delta region, focusing on researches about agricultural production, resources utilization, and environmental protection. Since its establishment, Changshu Station is the pioneer in conducting systematic observational research on soil nitrogen cycling, soil carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, and agricultural non-point source pollution. Over the past five years, Changshu Station has focused on three major scientific issues facing green and sustainable agricultural production in China: nitrogen fertilization optimization, carbon sequestration and GHG mitigation, and non-point source pollution controlling. Accordingly, it has developed a nationwide method for determining the optimal nitrogen application rates for rice production based on economic and environmental indicators, proposed a technical pathway to achieve carbon neutrality for grain production through the combined use of biochar and optimized nitrogen fertilization management with resource utilization of bio-oil/gas produced during biochar production. Additionally, it has constructed a localized model for stimulating agricultural non-point source pollution in southern rice-growing watersheds that couples landscape patterns and ecological processes. These efforts have resulted in a series of internationally influential and domestically leading innovative achievements, providing significant scientific support for promoting synergistic pollution reduction and GHG mitigation for agricultural production in China.