Abstract:Science education is a critical intersection for advancing the integrated development of education, science, and talent as outlined in the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. It plays a foundational role in nurturing scientific innovation talent and enhancing scientific literacy across the nation. Developing a science education ecosystem, composed of diverse entities from the education system, research institutions, and employment sectors, is essential for China’s high-quality development and its unique path to modernization. Drawing on both domestic and international practices in science education, this study clarifies the connotation and characteristics of the science education ecosystem. The study proposes a five-dimensional analysis framework of the science education ecosystem, which includes participants, position, practices, partnerships, and assessment (4P+1A). Finally, the study outlines implementation pathways for constructing a scientific education ecosystem in China, with the aim of fostering high-level scientific talent to support the nation’s high-quality development.