Abstract:Mathematics is the foundation of all sciences and underpins all major scientific and technological advancements. The level of mathematical research and the reservoir of mathematical talents are key determinants of a nation’s capacity for innovation. At present, China has put forward an urgent need for accelerating the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance. This study aims to comprehensively review the over 70-year journey of the independent and self-reliant development of the Mathematics and Systems Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, highlighting its outstanding achievements and historic transformations. Additionally, it identifies several issues that constrain the development of mathematics in China by bench marking against leading international research institutions. This study is designated to offer insights that contribute to the rapid establishment of China as a world leader in mathematics and the pursuit of the commanding heights of science and technology.