Abstract:Critical technologies have become an important factor affecting the international competition pattern, national economic and social development, and national security. In recent years, major countries such as the United States, South Korea, and Australia have implemented national critical technology strategies to systematically promote the cultivation and protection of critical technologies at the national level. Firstly, the different strategic choices made by the United States, South Korea, and Australia based on their own advantages and foundations were compared from the dimensions of strategic positioning, focus, and main measures. The United States was analyzed as a technology leading strategy, South Korea as a nurturing strategy, and Australia as a balanced strategy. Secondly, the logical basis behind the formulation of key technology strategies by major countries was analyzed from three perspectives: economic and social development stage, national competitive situation, and risk prevention. Finally, based on the current situation and problems in China, the necessity and urgency of implementing the critical technology strategy were analyzed from both external factors and internal demands, and the implementation path of the national critical technology strategy was proposed.